Review Sheet Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine Glands
- What Is Information technology?
- What is the Endocrine System?
- Role/Organs
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Parathyroid Glands
- Adrenal Glands
- Pineal Body
- Reproductive Glands
- Pancreas
- Pictures
- Pictures of the Endocrine System
- Guide
- Beefcake of the Endocrine System Topic Guide
What is the Endocrine System?
Illustration of the Endocrine System.
The endocrine organisation is made upwards of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemic substances produced in the torso that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate the trunk's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemic processes of the body), and sexual development and function. The hormones are released into the bloodstream and may affect 1 or several organs throughout the body.
Hormones are chemical messengers created by the trunk. They transfer information from one set of cells to another to coordinate the functions of unlike parts of the body.
The major glands of the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal torso, and the reproductive organs (ovaries and testes). The pancreas is also a function of this system; it has a role in hormone production as well as in digestion.
The endocrine system is regulated by feedback in much the same way that a thermostat regulates the temperature in a room. For the hormones that are regulated past the pituitary gland, a indicate is sent from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in the form of a "releasing hormone," which stimulates the pituitary to secrete a "stimulating hormone" into the circulation. The stimulating hormone and then signals the target gland to secrete its hormone. As the level of this hormone rises in the circulation, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland shut downwardly secretion of the releasing hormone and the stimulating hormone, which in plow slows the secretion by the target gland. This system results in stable blood concentrations of the hormones that are regulated by the pituitary gland.
| Hormone | Pituitary Stimulating Hormone | Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone |
|---|---|---|
| Thyroid hormones T4, T3 | Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) |
| Cortisol | Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) | Corticotropin-releasing cistron (CRF) |
| Estrogen or testosterone | Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) | Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
| Insulinlike growth factor-I (IGF-I) | Growth hormone | Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) |
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is a part of the encephalon that secretes hormones that regulate body temperature and metabolism.
The hypothalamus is located in the lower fundamental role of the brain. This part of the brain is important in regulation of satiety, metabolism, and body temperature. In aHypothalamus releasing hormones signal secretion of stimulating hormones. The hypothalamus also secretes a hormone chosen somatostatin, which causes the pituitary gland to terminate the release of growth hormone.
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland produces hormones that command many of the other endocrine organs.
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the encephalon beneath the hypothalamus and is no larger than a pea. It is often considered the nigh important part of the endocrine system considering information technology produces hormones that control many functions of other endocrine glands. When the pituitary gland does not produce 1 or more of its hormones or non enough of them, it is called hypopituitarism.
The pituitary gland is divided into two parts: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe produces the post-obit hormones, which are regulated by the hypothalamus:
- Growth hormone: Stimulates growth of bone and tissue (Growth hormone deficiency results in growth failure. Growth hormone deficiency in adults results in problems in maintaining proper amounts of body fatty and muscle and bone mass. Information technology is also involved in emotional well-being.)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (A lack of thyroid hormones either because of a defect in the pituitary or the thyroid itself is chosen hypothyroidism.)
- Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the adrenal gland to produce several related steroid hormones
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Hormones that command sexual function and product of the sex steroids, estrogen and progesterone in females or testosterone in males
- Prolactin: Hormone that stimulates milk production in females
The posterior lobe produces the following hormones, which are not regulated by the hypothalamus:
- Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin): Controls water loss by the kidneys
- Oxytocin: Contracts the uterus during childbirth and stimulates milk production
The hormones secreted past the posterior pituitary are actually produced in the brain and carried to the pituitary gland through nerves. They are stored in the pituitary gland.
Thyroid Gland
The brain's growth and development is controlled by the thyroid gland.
The thyroid gland is located in the lower front part of the neck. It produces thyroid hormones that regulate the torso's metabolism. It also plays a role in bone growth and evolution of the brain and nervous system in children. The pituitary gland controls the release of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones as well help maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, musculus tone, and reproductive functions.
Parathyroid Glands
The parathyroid glands are two pairs of small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland, one pair on each side. They release parathyroid hormone, which plays a function in regulating calcium levels in the claret and bone metabolism.
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal glands regulate your trunk'due south metabolism, immune system, and sexual functions.
The two adrenal glands are triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands are fabricated up of two parts. The outer role is called the adrenal cortex, and the inner part is called the adrenal medulla. The outer part produces hormones called corticosteroids, which regulate the trunk's metabolism, the residuum of salt and h2o in the body, the immune system, and sexual part. The inner function, or adrenal medulla, produces hormones chosen catecholamines (for example, adrenaline). These hormones assist the body cope with physical and emotional stress by increasing the middle rate and claret pressure.
Pineal Body
The pineal body, or pineal gland, is located in the center of the brain. It secretes a hormone called melatonin, which may assist regulate the wake-sleep cycle of the body.
Reproductive Glands
The reproductive glands are the primary source of sex hormones. In males, the testes, located in the scrotum, secrete hormones called androgens; the most important of which is testosterone. These hormones impact many male characteristics (for instance, sexual development, growth of facial hair and pubic hair) too equally sperm production. In females, the ovaries, located on both sides of the uterus, produce estrogen and progesterone as well as eggs. These hormones control the development of female characteristics (for example, breast growth), and they are also involved in reproductive functions (for example, menstruation, pregnancy).
Pancreas
The pancreas is an elongated organ located toward the dorsum of the abdomen behind the stomach. The pancreas has digestive and hormonal functions. Ane office of the pancreas, the exocrine pancreas, secretes digestive enzymes. The other function of the pancreas, the endocrine pancreas, secretes hormones called insulin and glucagon. These hormones regulate the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
Pictures of the Endocrine System
Motion picture of the Thyroid Gland
Picture of the Pituitary Gland
Motion-picture show of the Parathyroid Glands
Motion-picture show of the Pancreas
From 
What is Pancreatitis?
- Pancreatitis simply ways inflammation of the pancreas. There are ii types of pancreatitis, astute and chronic.
- Causes of acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis are like; nearly lxxx%-90% are acquired by alcohol abuse and gallstones (about 35%-45% for each); while the remaining 10%-20% are acquired past medications, chemical exposures, trauma, hereditary diseases, infections, surgical procedures, and high fat levels in the blood and genetic abnormalities with pancreas or intestine
- Severe astute pancreatitis symptoms and signs may show skin discoloration effectually the belly button or the side of the trunk between the ribs and hip (flank), or pocket-size erythematous skin nodules.
- Symptoms of acute pancreatitis most commonly begins with intestinal pain in the middle or upper left part of the abdomen and abdominal pain may increase after eating or lying flat the back.
- Necrotizing pancreatitis is a severe grade of astute pancreatitis characterized by necrosis in and around the pancreas.
Reviewed on x/16/2020
References
Jameson, JL, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed. (Vol.1 & Vol.2). McGraw-Hill Instruction 2018.
Source: https://www.emedicinehealth.com/anatomy_of_the_endocrine_system/article_em.htm
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